Marketing Myopia Summary Essay Example

Marketing Myopia Summary Paper Marketing Myopia Summary Main Points: 1. An industry is a customer-satisfying process, not a goods-producing process. Businesses will be better positioned for growth if they concentrate on meeting customers’ needs rather than on the mass production and selling techniques of their products. 2. Companies stop growing because of a failure in management, not because the market is saturated (Levitt, 2008:1). Myopia is a term used and means to be shortsighted. In business, this would mean not having the foresight or long term plan to fully understand what business you are in as well as how to stay in it. One example that Levitt used, was the railroad industry. The railroads industry declined because they were railroad oriented instead of transportation oriented, they were product oriented instead of customer oriented. They declined not because of cars, trucks, airplanes, and even telephones, but because of their own myopia. To be a growth industry you must focus on satisfying a customer need. Focusing solely on product, profits and mass production will not help a company survive. Management must think of itself not as producing products but as providing customer-creating value satisfactions. A successful industry will include a strong focus on satisfying and meeting the needs of the customer followed by good production, research and development as well as a good selling strategy. In addition it is about how you define the business you are in. It needs to know the needs of the customer and what further innovations the company can bring to keep the consumer interest, as well as adapting to the changing business market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Myopia Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Myopia Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Myopia Summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Speech (Linguistics) Definition and Examples

Speech (Linguistics) Definition and Examples In linguistics, speech is a system of  communication  that uses spoken words  (or sound symbols).   The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology.For a discussion of speeches in rhetoric and oratory, see Speech (Rhetoric). Etymology:  From the Old English, to speak Studying Language Without Making Judgements Many people believe that written language is more prestigious than spoken languageits form is likely to be closer to Standard English, it dominates education and is used as the language of public administration. In linguistic terms, however, neither speech nor writing can be seen as superior. Linguists are more interested in observing and describing all forms of language in use than in making social and cultural judgements with no linguistic basis.(Sara Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) Speech Sounds and Duality The very simplest element of speechand by speech we shall henceforth mean the auditory system of speech symbolism, the flow of spoken wordsis the individual sound, though, . . . the sound is not itself a simple structure but the resultant of a series of independent, yet closely correlated, adjustments in the organs of speech.(Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech, 1921)Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or double articulation). In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b and i. As individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Approaches to Speech Once we decide to begin an analysis of speech, we can approach it on various levels. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology: we can study organs such as tongue and larynx in the production of speech. Taking another perspective, we can focus on the speech sounds produced by these organsthe units that we commonly try to identify by letters, such as a b-sound or an m-sound. But speech is also transmitted as sound waves, which means that we can also investigate the properties of the sound waves themselves. Taking yet another approach, the term sounds is a reminder that speech is intended to be heard or perceived and that it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyzes or processes a sound wave.(J. E. Clark and C. Yallop, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995) Parallel Transmission Because so much of our lives in a literate society has been spent dealing with speech recorded as letters and text in which spaces do separate letters and words, it can be extremely difficult to understand that spoken language simply does not have this characteristic. . . . [A]lthough we write, perceive, and (to a degree) cognitively process speech linearlyone sound followed by anotherthe actual sensory signal our ear encounters is not composed of discretely separated bits. This is an amazing aspect of our linguistic abilities, but on further thought one can see that it is a very useful one. The fact that speech can encode and transmit information about multiple linguistic events in parallel means that the speech signal is a very efficient and optimized way of encoding and sending information between individuals. This property of speech has been called parallel transmission.(Dani Byrd and Toben H. Mintz, Discovering Speech, Words, and Mind. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Oliver Goldsmith on the True Nature of Speech It is usually said by grammarians, that the use of language is to express our wants and desires; but men who know the world hold, and I think with some show of reason, that he who best knows how to keep his necessities private is the most likely person to have them redressed; and that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants, as to conceal them.(Oliver Goldsmith, On the Use of Language. The Bee, October 20, 1759) Pronunciation: SPEECH

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach Essay

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach - Essay Example The benefits and challenges of this reporting is looked into and the need to adopt in corporations. Woolworth, a categorical large corporation is analysed in regards to the extent it has adopted integrated accounting. Guidelines for integrated reporting are set out globally through various bodies like the International integration reporting committee amongst others. The meaning of sustainability In the business context, sustainability can be defined as an approach that attempts to achieve long-term shareholder value by taking opportunities and managing risks emanating from economic, social and environmental development, but at the same time cutting back sustainability costs and risks (Michalski et al, 2002, 6). To achieve sustainability the business presents itself an opportunity to grow economically while attaining social fairness and environmental protection for its stakeholders. Apparently Woolworth considers sustainability in its business operations. The success of sustainability is high returns to the business and benefits to the community at large. Woolworth is presented with an opportunity to do good to the various stakeholders in turn earn returns on investments made towards sustainability. Woolworth’s policy on the Destination Zero clearly depicts a responsible employer in safety measures. This indicates no harm to people, property and the community. Reduction of potential harm is a social responsibility to Woolworth and thus maintaining the lead in retailing. People and Culture are the two main aspects which give Woolworth a competitive edge. To maintain this, the Retailer has to extend the benefits of social welfare by spending $63 million for staff focused initiatives. This is the key to sustainability in order to maintain satisfied employees to undertake the economic business responsibility. This is the central resource to be mobilized as the driver of sustainability. Corporate stakeholders of Woolworths and Woolworth’s engagement abo ut sustainability issues Community and the customers Plastic bags, GM foods, Responsible sale of alcohol are among the cited examples that Woolworth has had in its target. Recycling of plastic bags was improved through the elimination of the blue plastic bags that were used for bananas. New display methods have allowed them and their supplies to save on costs. This overall helps in creating a safe environment for the community. Responsible food retailer has had its way through educating the community on key issues on genetically modified foods, Foodbank, fresh food kids program etc. Government Compliance with government regulations is seen in aspects of selling alcohol responsibly and responsible serving of gaming. To attain liquor licenses, it had to acquire pubs that engaged in gaming activities. Woolworth has had the responsibility in producing the alcohol range expected before sale. It has encouraged honesty in gambling among its staff. Woolworth has also been working with suppl iers in compliance with organisations ethical supply

IFRS - Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IFRS - Exam - Assignment Example It is similar to the inventorys lower of cost or market concept in this model, impairment is debited as expense. iii) The revaluation model on the other hand requires that asset is taken at its raised amount which is its fair value at the time of revaluation and then subtract depreciation and impairment of the asset. For instance, if a revaluation results in rise in value of an asset, it should be credited to equity. iv) The identifiability of intangible assets concept requires an intangible asset be taken as a recognizable non-monetary asset that lacks physical substance and has the capacity to bring in economic benefits in the future. For instance, trademarks and copyrights. v) The control of intangible assets requires that the ownerships of intangible assets uses them to reap economic benefits in the future. For instance, copyrights protect original from adaptation without permission. Trademarks on the other hand represent brands which are legally protected. vi) Future economic benefits from intangible assets entails all the advantages accrued to a business due to intangible assets. For instance, copyrights prevent adaptation of original works and compositions to prevent others from benefitting illegally thereby bringing benefits in the

Resource File Essay Example for Free

Resource File Essay Select four songs, finger plays, word games or poems that you can use to promote phonological awareness. Describe the strategies to promote phonological awareness among children whose home language is other than English. Phonological awareness involves the detection and manipulation of sounds at three levels of sound structure: (1) syllables, (2) onsets and rimes, and (3) phonemes. 1. Speak English, and speak it often, associate words with objects as often as possible. For example, show the child a book and say, Book. Repeating words and phrases often will train the child to associate certain objects with certain words mentally; and more than that, it will enable the child to pick up on the phonemes of the language subconsciously. 2. Play word games to promote phonological awareness. With a toddler who has limited English skills, sound soup is a fun game to play. Bring out a big soup pot and tell the child, We are going to make k soup today! Then, begin to fill the pot with items that start with the k sound carrots, kale, clocks. The point of the game is to get the child to become very familiar with a particular sound and to recognize it as a sound that can occur at the beginning of a word. 3. Play sound recognition games that require more of a response on her part. One such game is the find it game. Say a sound r, for example and ask the child to find you an object in the room that begins with that sound. 4. Identify the number of words in a short sentence. For example, â€Å"Pat has a cat. How many words are in that sentence? † 5. Next focus on onsets and rimes. For example, â€Å"c† plus â€Å"at† equals â€Å"cat†; â€Å"cl† plus â€Å"own† equals â€Å"clown. † Beep! Choo! Zoom! Honk! We’ll be going on vacation in our car. (Pretend to drive a car. ) Beep-beep. (Pretend to honk horn. ) We’ll be going on vacation in our car. Beep-beep. We’ll be going on vacation. We’ll be going on vacation. We’ll be going on vacation in our car. Beep-beep. Train choo choo (Put arms by sides and pretend to chug. ) Plane zoom zoom (Make a plane with your hand and fly around. ) Bus honk, honk (Pretend to pull down on a horn. ) Oh, we’ll all have lots of fun when we go Beep beep, choo choo, zoom zoom, honk honk. . . Apples and Bananas I like to eat, eat, eat apples and bananas I like to eat, eat, eat apples and bananas Now change the vowel sound to A: I like to ate, ate, ate ay-ples and ba-nay-nays I like to ate, ate, ate ay-ples and ba-nay-nays Now change the vowel sound to E: I like to eat, eat, eat ee-ples and bee-nee-nees I like to eat, eat, eat ee-ples and bee-nee-nees Now change the vowel sound to I: I like to ite, ite, ite i-ples and bi-ni-nis I like to ite, ite, ite i-ples and bi-ni-nis Now change the vowel sound to O: like to ote, ote, ote oh-ples and bo-no-nos I like to ote, ote, ote oh-ples and bo-no-nos Miss Mary Mack Miss Mary Mack Mack Mack All dressed in black, black, black With silver buttons, buttons, buttons All down her back, back, back. She asked her mother, mother, mother For 50 cents, cents, cents To see the elephants, elephants, elephants Jump over the fence, fence, fence. They jumped so high, high, high They reached the sky, sky, sky And they didnt come back, back, back Til the 4th of July, ly, ly! Teddy Bear Teddy bear, teddy bear, Turn around. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Touch the ground. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Shine your shoes. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Skidoo. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Go upstairs. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Say your prayers. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Turn out the light. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Say good night.

Who Should be Considered a Hero in Anglo-Saxon Culture and Today? Essay

Who Should be Considered a Hero in Anglo-Saxon Culture and Today? Today, many children would consider Superman, Spiderman, Batman & Robin, and even possibly Arnold Schwarzenegger in his old film The Terminator as great superheroes. These comic strip heroes even impress adults as courageous men because we cannot get over their legendary and their supernatural skills. For example, Spiderman is well known for the spider webs that emerge from his manly wrist. On the other hand, heroes are not just defined by comic strips or cartoons. Firefighters, police officers and even our fathers or mothers are heroes in many of our lives. The characteristics that we describe our heroes as having today are quite similar to those of heroes in Anglo-Saxon culture. Since the Anglo-Saxons were one of the Germanic tribes who invaded England, they were people who had their own language, values and culture. In the Anglo-Saxon adventurous and popular legend Beowulf, the valiant Beowulf is known to be the Superman during the Anglo-Saxon period. In Anglo-Saxon culture and literatures, the characteristics of a hero are to be bold, strong, fearless, loyal and showing indifference to pain. In addition, Beowulf’s faith and confidence in himself and his role as a warrior in the society are other important factors in being a hero. When Grendel’s mother seeks revenge and runs back to her swamp, Beowulf speaks with confidence to go after her: â€Å"let us go at once to look on the track of Gendel’s kin. I promise you this: she will not be lost under cover, not in the earth’s bosom in the mountain woods nor at the bottom of the sea, go where she will. This day have patience in every woe -- as I expect you to† (25). In additio n to this, Beowulf is, beyond doubt, ... ...ffers slightly from generation to generation, from culture to culture, and from individual to individual. But heroes or heroines are still admired for their bravery, great deeds, or noble qualities. The fearless deeds accomplished by Beowulf are not necessarily required for a person to be considered as a hero or heroine today. Albert Einstein is an American hero because he accomplished many great achievements in science. All the passengers who died on the September 11th flights are also looked upon as heroes or heroines because they faced a horrific terrorist act close up. Fathers can be called heroes in their sons’ eyes because they simply admire their dads. Hence, the word â€Å"hero† has many meanings today. The Anglo-Saxon ideal of a hero was comparatively narrow and limited. Today heroism is defined more broadly. How broad will the term become in the next 25 years?

Police Corruption

Drug-Related Police Corruption: An Increasing Problem Throughout Law Enforcement Agencies In The United States In the United States, drug-related police corruption is becoming an increasingly, unjustifiable problem throughout the ranks of law enforcement agencies. Many variables exist to explain the reason for their actions, but ultimately, what makes them do it? Knowing how to recognize a corrupted officer or one exhibiting signs of traveling down the wrong path is essential in order to mitigate the problem.Law enforcement leadership also plays a vital role in the identity and prevention of drug-related corruption. Drug-related police corruption is any act by a sworn police officer that is the sale, manufacture, distribution or supporting of drug activities for the personal gain of the officer. Why is this corruption a problem? Many law enforcement officers who are sworn in to protect the lives of our citizens, to abide and uphold the law, are doing the exact opposite, and this is a problem. The purpose of the study is to provide empirical data on cases of drug-related police corruption.It identifies and describes incidents in which police officers are arrested for criminal offenses associated with drug-related corruption. Data was analyzed on 221 drug-related arrest cases of officers employed by police agencies throughout the USA. Findings show that drug-related corruption involves a wide range of criminal offenses and that cocaine is the most prevalent drug. Older officers and those used by large companies are less likely than others to lose their jobs after a drug-related arrest (Philip Stinson, 2013). Drug-related police corruption is a problem that will not go away on its own which is evident by the statistics.The first step in preventing corruption would be to recognize the signs of a corrupted officer. Learn what puts an officer at risk of becoming corrupted, and what makes them defy the law they swore to uphold, protect and defend. Drug corruption is b orn out of police attitudes because if an officer is lacking the right attitude then corruption can become a mainstay for that officer (Cheurprakobkit, 1998). For example, if any officers believe that the enforcement of drug laws is a waste of their time and that they are underpaid, they may accept a bribe from a drug trafficker to allow the trade.This places a little more money in their pocket and allows them not to worry about enforcing a law they may not agree with. Knowing how to identify the signs of a corrupted officer is a necessary step to decreasing the amount of drug-related corruption, and may one day lead to mitigating the issue. What leads law enforcement to corruption? After looking at yearly sales of different drugs in the United States, it was found that weed brings in about $3 billion dollars, heroin $10 billion, and cocaine, a whopping $38 billion dollars annually (Stevens, 1999).If you pay attention to these numbers, you can clearly see how easy it would be for a low paid, frustrated police officer to turn corrupt and help with the sale, transport, or manufacturing of illegal substances. To reduce police corruption, the commissions recommend creating external oversight over the police with a unique focus on integrity, improving recruitment and training, guidance from supervisors of all ranks about integrity, holding all commanders responsible for the misbehavior of subordinates, and changing the organization’s culture to tolerate misbehavior less (Perito, 2011).While drug-related police corruption continues to pose a threat at some level in every law enforcement agency, it does not necessarily mean there is a high percentage of corrupt law enforcement officials. While it is a problem, it could be prevented with proactive steps – observing the actions and lifestyles of these police officers. There is an opportunity for corruption wherever there are drugs present, and no law enforcement official should be above suspicion. Corrupt ion has been identified at the lowest and highest levels. Police Corruption Police corruption is the misuse of police authority for personal gain. Examples include extortion (for example, demanding money for not writing traffic tickets) and bribery (for example, accepting money in exchange for not enforcing the law).The costs of police corruptionPolice corruption carries high costs. First, a corrupt act is a crime. Second, police corruption detracts from the integrity of the police and tarnishes the public image of law enforcement. Third, corruption protects other criminal activity such as drug dealing and prostitution. Protected criminal activities are often lucrative sources of income for organized crime. The causes of police corruptionAccording to the rotten apple theory, corruption is the work of a few, dishonest, immoral police officers. Experts dismiss this theory because it fails to explain why so many corrupt officers become concentrated in some police organizations but not others. Another explanation pinpoints U.S. society's use of the criminal law to enforce morality.Unenforceable laws governing moral standards promote corruption because they provide criminal organizations with a financial interest in undermining law enforcement. Narcotic corruption, for example, is an inevitable consequence of drug enforcement. Providers of these illegal goods and service use part of their profits to bribe the police in order to ensure the continuation of criminal enterprises. Rooting out police corruptionWhen police controls break down and a scandal occurs, special investigating commissions can mobilize public opinion and rally public support for anticorruption and antiviolence reforms. Commissions get information from the police department, pinpoint where the internal controls of the police have failed, and recommend changes in policy. The problem with these commissions is that they usually disappear after finishing their reports. Paul Chevigny asserts that continuing independent auditors would be more effective than commissions. He envisi ons the function of such auditors as investigating a range of police problems, including corruption and  brutality. Prosecuting corrupt police officersSince corruption involves criminal behavior, prosecution of corrupt police officers is possible. Since prosecutors depend on the police to gather evidence and develop cases, however, they often don't want to â€Å"bite the hand that feeds them.† Legislative controlLegislators could reevaluate laws that create the potential for corruption. Such a reassessment would be based on the recognition that a major portion of police corruption is an outgrowth of laws that criminalize drug use, prostitution, and gambling. Any serious attempt to fight police corruption must wrestle with the decriminalization issue. Decriminalization involves removing the criminal label from victimless crimes by legalizing and regulating them. Decriminalization would contribute significantly to improving the police corruption problem. It is doubtful, howev er, that Congress or any state legislature will seriously consider legalizing drugs or any other prohibited goods and services in the near future.